To answer your question directly: yes, of course there would be outcry. As much? I don't know. Most students in this liberal arts college are going to be very hesitant to stomp Mohommed, more so than to stomp Jesus (I know I would), because there is that element of racism that they don't want to be a part of. I think the professor likely chose Jesus instead of Mohommed for 2 reasons:
1) The exercise is to get students to think about the power of symbols, so using a symbol more "close to home" will be more effective.
2) Stomping Mohommed has implications of xenophobia and racism that doesn't apply to nearly such a degree when dealing which Christianity in the states, since the majority of Americans come from a Christian background. I'm not saying the factor is ENTIRELY removed, but it is greatly mitigated.
Now, to get more specific, my true answer is "I don't care, and neither should you."
If you believe that the professor's intent truly was to foment discussion, then I think that the danger comes when a student who is a believer becomes offended, and persists in his indignation even after the intent of the experiment has been made clear. I find it quite possible that merely asking a "fundie," to stomp Jesus could be enough that no amount of explanation after the fact will alleviate their sense of moral outrage.
If, alternatively, you believe that the professor's intent was to be degrading and hostile towards a specific faith with no motive beyond that, then you should be discussing that in its own regard, and not raising comparison statements and what-if's re: other religions. Bigotry is wrong, period, and there is little doubt in my mind that if this was the intent, the professor will be duly punished.
Which to believe? I don't believe either one, yet. Don't have enough information to be certain.