The ship's only blown up onscreen in a timeline that "counts" twice...the Enterprise C was off-screen, and "Cause and Effect" was eventually fixed after, what, about a month of their blowing themselves up at the end of every day or so.
How often the ship gets the crap kicked out of it (to use the technical term) varies by series:
The old NCC-1701 Enterprise rarely if ever got so utterly destroyed the hull started to crack...though that's less due to Kirk's awesome command ability and more due to the fact they couldn't exactly afford to show that back then on their cardboard-and-string budget... ;)
Picard's Enterprise D was damaged pretty badly a couple times, but never too badly until...that movie that, Invictus is right here, DID NOT HAPPEN...
And then Archer's NX-01 Enterprise got the crap kicked out of it ALL the time, to the point it was nearly wrecked for several episodes in a row, spurting debris all over the place...the nacelles on fire huge chunks missing...
Thus proving what a shit captain Archer was and what a shit show "Enterprise" largely was "(until, ironically enough, the story arc where the Enterprise gets blasted as described above, THEN the show suddenly decided to start getting good...just in tim for it to get cancelled! Oh well, 1 good season in 4, better than none.)