I agree with abgemacht - on any axis that you choose to measure quality, MP3s won't be better than CD quality.
Additionally, if you're starting with a recording of one quality, you won't be able to make it better quality by changing the format (any change in format will produce a recording that is at least as bad as the previous format). This means you're definitely not seeing an improvement in quality when you rip to MP3.
However, some things might be missing in MP3 - in particular MP3 does weird things to cymbals and applause, so you MIGHT be hearing slightly different things. This is more noticeable at lower bitrates though. Personally, I don't think I'd be able to hear the difference in a 320kbps MP3 vs CD - and if I did, it would be more like "that bit sounds weird" than "hey, I never noticed that before". So, I doubt this is what's going on.
I suspect it's more likely that you're either paying more attention to the music as you listen to it again, or that you're listening to it on different hardware as suggested above.
Also, I find if I go back to music you haven't listened to in a while, I often notice things I hadn't noticed before anyway, because I'm coming to it with "new ears" from everything I've listened to since then.