http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/06/Universum.jpg
This woodcut was at school my first lesson in the field history and it has inspired me till this day - it led me to the interesting metaphysics. Today is indisputable that the concept metaphysics is developed from a work of Aristotle (the 14 books of general-philosophical contents) . The peripatetic Andronicus of Rhodes arranged these books behind his eight books of "physics", there originated the name "metaphysics".
"That what stands behind physics in the shelve", or didactically "That, what to the implementation about the nature follows" and also anyhow scientific-systematically means: "That what comes after physics". However, which of both is more original, is argumentative vague under philosophy historians. The meaning at that time of the word remains till this day nebulous, Aristotle didn't use the concept. For the first time it's assigned the concept by Nikolaos of Damascus.
From the late antiquity metaphysics climbed up as an independent philosophical discipline and in the early Middle Ages receives them even the name epopty (look, appreciate). Then, unfortunately, in the 19th century became the adjective "metaphysical" also uses in pejorative manner, e.g., in question, only speculatively, unscientific and non-empiric game of thought. Besides, the aim of the metaphysics is always the knowledge of the basic structure and principles of the reality.
Indeed, meant Immanuel Kant's great Kritizismus (critical philosophy) also for the metaphysics a "Copernican Revolution", he felt, nevertheless, to her universal claim obliges. He wanted to found a metaphysics, witch as science can appear. It had to be examined, whether and how metaphysics is generally feasible. First the foundations and structures of the human knowledge had to be described systematically and the borders of their reach be determined - learn to make a distinction especially between possible and illegitimate knowledge claims.
Kant with his "Critique of Pure Reason" explains the result of the analysis. Knowledge assumes thinking and view, metaphysical objects like God, soul or a world as a whole aren't clear. The traditional metaphysics is impracticable. She must assume a "spiritual view" , a cognitive faculties, without sensuous view access to ideal objects would have. Because we are such property don't own, the traditional metaphysics is bare speculative-constructively. In Kant's view it's in principle not possibly, to come to a rational decision of the central questions, whether gives it a God, a freedom of the will and an immortal soul.
The human reason has the special destiny, that she is bothered by questions which it can't reject - then she are given up them by the nature of the reason, however, also not can answer. Since they exceed all property of the human reason. Outgoing from the practical-moral action Kant tries new grounds of the metaphysics in the criticism of the "Critique of Practical Reason". The practical reason puts up inevitably
postulates whose fulfillment shows the condition of moral action. His summary:
The freedom of the will must be demanded, because a moral law has no sense if there is not at the same time the freedom which should fulfill the law. Also the immortality of the soul is necessary, because the person in his natural existence looking for blessedness, can approach to the moral law only in a progresses going to the infinite. However, this approach keeps only on condition of sense that the death makes them not worthless, but to lends the life out meaning.
Only by the existence of God, however, is guaranteed, that nature and moral law are reconciled, in the end, with each other. God is only conceivable as a being who is cause of the whole nature as well as from a moral disposition acting "intelligence". Kant's in the platonic-aristotelian philosophy rooted perception that the job of the
science exists in recognizing the being or the essence of the things. An example of critical reason: What you don't wish to be done to yourself, don't do to others.
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