I will give an example using a complex and dificult issue, Iran's claim that it has the right to pursue it's nuclear ambitions. A simplistic summary of the west's response is that we have said "No way will we allow you to proceed, you cannot be trusted" and lot's of sabre rattling as well as some serious diplomatic efforts and use of economic measures. Now the term "nuclear technology" is a general, non specific term or description. The assumption is we mean, in the example of a "nuclear power plant" a fission based reactor using enriched uranium as a fuel, as that is the most common example, and that is apparently what they are trying to get going, and we know that from that capacity an ability to move to produce fission based nuclear bomb technologies and materials (enriched uranium and plutonium isotopes) results.
An emerging nuclear technology uses enriched Thorium as a nuclear "fuel" for fission based reactors. The principal nation that has developed this technology is India, and call me cynical, but the Indians have developed this technology as a result of their own domestic situation regarding their domestic deposits of Uranium and Thorium, and the requirements of their military. India has deposits of Uranium within it's borders, but they are relatively low grade deposits, unlike us in Australia and Canada with our high quality deposits. India has good quality deposits of Thorium. By being able to use enriched Thorium as a fuel (often in combination with enriched Uranium) they can meet the demand for electrical generation and still have plenty of Uranium for military purposes from their limited domestic reserves of Uranium.
It is possible to use exclusively enriched Thorium as a fuel for a fission based nuclear power plant, and it's what we will probably be doing in a few hundred years when we have used up most of our high quality Uranium reserves (if the human race is still here).
The notable difference between using enriched Thorium as a nuclear fuel compared to using enriched Uranium is that you get a different group of "by products", Thorium has a different "decay chain" of elements to Uranium, and generalising, they are less toxic and have shorter "half lives" than what is produced from Uranium. For example you get no plutonium, and as you are not using Uranium, cannot produce "weapons grade" Uranium.
I sometimes wish that we in the west would (to use a cricketing term) "go onto the front foot" and say to Iran "Fine, you say you want to use this technology exclusively for peaceful purposes, then if you are prepared to meet International inspection criteria,etc etc, we will help you build nuclear power facilities that use exclusively enriched Thorium, which we will sell you" and then watch them flap about like a wet chook trying to justify their supposed "peaceful" need to use Uranium based technology.
How do we respond when the Suadi's, the Kuwaiti's ( both allies of the "west") decide they want to go nuclear to prepare for the time when WE exhaust their oil reserves ? It might be useful to have the Thorium option ready to go before we arrive at that point in the future. Do I have a self interest in this, as an Australian, who is involved in Uranium mining and exploration, absolutely, I think we have approximately an estimated 30% to 40% of the world's known Thorium reserves to go along with all that Uranium we have. One of the "downhole" probes I use in Uranium exploration, & can maintain & repair emits high energy nuetrons, generated in an electrically energised "nuetron tube" containing dueterium gas (Hydrogen with an extra nuetron per atom) and a tritium (hydrogen with 2 extra nuetrons per atom) enriched platinum target anode. The "nuetron" tube is a spin off from a type of trigger device used in certain types of nuclear bombs. You want to find Copper and or Gold using electro magnetic technologies, Uranium using a variety of probes or tools, write my boss or his partners a seven figure cheque and take a ticket, we are fully booked, but will consider all requests (except Iranian's until they can demonstrate being worthy of our trust and attention) Bon Chance