@hauta, a lot of the mechanisms I identified aren't necessarily consciously racist, but result from implicit bias. You can't address implicity bias without addressing the narratives in society, but when you try to shift that, you invariably get the "PC" backlash by the many, many people who like those racist narratives and want to continue them, either consciously or not. Again, the solution here can only come from improving white attitudes. Without that, the rest either won't happen for lack of political will, or won't do much good. (I am reminded how Sandra Day O'Connor graduated from Stanford at the top of her class and could only get a job as a secretary at a law firm. No amount of affirmative action in college admissions were going to help if the corporate culture is profoundly (in this case) sexist. I mean, Barack Obama was one of the very top law students in the nation, and yet the racists denigrated him at every move and still dismiss and denigrates his every accomplishment. It is so incredibly transparent what's going on there.
So, all the funding and affirmative action in the world will only go so far as long as a critical mass of whites tolerate and/or express racism. You can be talented, accomplished, and skilled in every way, but if you have to be twice as good as a white guy at every single stage of our career, ther'es a hard hard cap on your "empowerment" due to informal barriers.